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Archive for the 「文法のポイント」 category

'Going to' or 'will'

jason | 2010年02月03日 | コメント（0）

Going to or will

Hello everyone!  Here are a few tips for talking about the future…


At the moment of making a decision, use ‘will’.  Once you’ve made a decision, talk about it using ‘going to’.

  • Bob:  “I’m going to have a party at my place on Saturday.”

Alice:  “Great!  I’ll invite plenty of people.”

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true about the future, we use ‘will’.

  • The Prime Minister will serve four years.
  • The boss won’t be happy.
  • Next Christmas will be amazing.

If we are not certain about the future, we use ‘will’ with expressions such as ‘probably’,  ‘possibly’, ‘I think’, ‘I hope’.

  • I’ll probably go to Nagai park on Monday.
  • She will possibly drop by later.
  • I think we’ll have fun.
  • I hope they won’t get lost.

If you are making a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation, use ‘going to’.

  • Not a cloud in the sky.  It’s going to be a great day.
  • Be careful!  You’re going to spill your coffee.
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if Conditionals were easy, I would be out of a job

jason | 2009年11月26日 | コメント（0）

Hey hey!

Lets have a look at conditionals sentences…

;)

Conditional sentences

The most common form of conditional sentences is made up of two clauses.  Usually they start with an if, but they don’t have to.     If it rains, I’ll stay home. =  I’ll stay home if it rains.

The clause with the if is the subordinate and the clause without the if is the main clause.

We’ll have a look at four types of conditional clauses.

Zero-type conditionals

In the zero-type conditionals, both clauses use present tense.

If clause                                   main clause

If + present tense                     present tense


If you heat water                     it boils.

This form of conditional is used for facts and to express truth.

First-type conditionals

This type is used to refer to future possibilities that are certain or probable.

If clause main clause

If + present tense                  future tense


If she doesn’t call me            I’ll be sad

If you eat more                      you’ll be sick

Second-type conditionals

This type is used to express hypothetical or  “unreal” present or future possibilities.

If clause                                main clause

If + past tense                       would + verb


If I had time                           I would take you to dinner

If it had wings                        it would fly

If I were you                           I would call back

If you were coming with us    you would have fun

If conditionals were easy       I would be out of a job

Third-type conditionals

This type is for hypothetical(unreal) possibilities in the past.

If clause                             main clause

If + past perfect tense        would have + past participle


If we had known about this restaurant    we would not have came here.

If I had known about the storm               I would have stayed home.

If she had known about the holiday        she wouldn’t have gone to work.

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What is the difference between 'hear' and 'listen'?

mike | 2009年09月25日 | コメント（0）

Let’s have a look at them:

Listen is used to talk about or describe sounds that are being made around you and which you are making an active effort to focus on. For example:

  • Did you listen to the news last night on television?
  • She was listening to music on her iPod when I walked in.
  • Mike listened to his teacher and then repeated what she had said.
  • ‘Just listen to yourself! You talk such rubbish!’, she said angrily.

Note that ‘listen‘ is nearly always followed by ‘to‘ – you listen to some sound.

Just to repeat an important point; listening is active – that is you are making an active effort to listen to the sound.

Hear is used  for sounds that come to our ears, but we do not, unlike listen, need to be actively engaged in trying to listen to the sound – it can just come to your ears! For example:

  • Mike heard a bang in the night which woke him up.
  • She heard someone screaming and called the police.
  • I heard a loud explosion and then the building collapsed.

Note that ‘hear’ is not followed by ‘to’. But, to make it a little more complicated let’s look at this conversation:

  • ‘Did you hear what I said’, asked John’s father.
  • ‘No, I wasn’t listening‘, replied John.
  • ‘Well, if you don’t listen you will never hear what I am telling you!’.

Now, that last sentence seems a little confused but also shows cleary how the two verbs are used – in this case, if John does not make an active effort to listen he will not hear his father’s advice (even if he may have heard sounds his father was making!)

Where hear and listen may seem very close is when you hear something like:

  • Did you hear about Jane? She got married!
  • I heard about the accident but I didn’t see it.

This is when information is passed to you from another source without you necessarily seeking it – in this case note that ‘hear’ is followed by ‘about’ – ‘to hear about’ something, someone or some action or event.

So, you can hear something without wanting to, but you can only listen to something intentionally.

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Tag Questions

mike | 2009年08月29日 | コメント（0）

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to. That’s not really difficult, is it? ;o)

Form

  • positive main clause → negative question tag
  • negative main clause → positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom, aren’t you?
He isn’t Joe, is he?

main clause with auxiliary verb → use auxiliary verb in question tag

You’ve got a car, haven’t you?

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How To Use The Comma

mike | 2009年08月05日 | コメント（2）

The Comma

There are some general rules which you can apply when using the comma.

However, you will find that in English there are many other ways to use the comma to add to the meaning of a sentence or to emphasise an item, point or meaning.

Although we are often taught that commas are used to help us add ‘breathing spaces’ to sentences they are, in fact, more accurately used to organise blocks of thought or logical groupings. Most people will now use commas to ensure that meaning is clear and, despite grammatical rules, will drop the comma if their meaning is retained in the sentence.

A. Using the comma to separate phrases, words, or clauses in lists

1. a series of phrases

  • On my birthday I went to the cinema, ate dinner in a restaurant,and went dancing.

2. a series of nouns

  • The meal consisted of soup, fish, chicken, dessert and coffee.

3. a series of adjectives

  • She was young, beautiful, kind, and intelligent.
    Note: if an adjective is modifying another adjective you do not separate them with a comma – e.g. She wore a bright red shirt.

4. a series of verbs

  • Tony ran towards me, fell, yelled, and fainted.

5. a series of clauses

  • The car smashed into the wall, flipped onto its roof, slid along the road, and finally stopped against a tree.

B. Using the comma to enclose insertions or comments. The comma is placed on either side of the insertion.

  • China, one of the most powerful nations on Earth, has a huge population.

C. Use the comma to mark off a participial phrase

  • Hearing that her father was in hospital, Jane left work immediately.

D. Use the comma in ‘tag questions’

  • She lives in Paris, doesn’t she?
  • We haven’t met, have we?

E. Use to mark off interjections like ‘please’, ‘thank you’, ‘yes’, and ‘no’

  • Yes, I will stay a little longer, thank you.

General notes:

1. Misplacing a comma can lose friends!

Putting a comma in the wrong place can lead to a sentence with a completely different meaning, look at these two examples:

  • I detest liars like you, I believe that honesty is the best policy.
  • I detest liars; like you, I believe that honesty is the best policy.

(from http://www.edufind.com)

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